Abstract

While fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are extensively used in structural components due to their remarkable mechanical properties, a major weakness of these materials is their low through-the-thickness properties which permits the easy formation of impact-induced delamination, limiting their more widespread applications in structural engineering. CNTs carry the promise of enhancing this poor out-of-plane performance, although their integration has been challenging. The objective of this research work is the development of strategies to integrate CNTs into structural laminate composites for interlaminar toughening. Two different routes, vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding and prepreg consolidation by compression moulding, are explored to interleave different CNT fiber veils into FRP laminates in a facile and scalable way. The interlaminar fracture toughness under Mode I and Mode II loading cases are investigated and discussed comparatively, followed by a systematic analysis of failure and toughening mechanisms. Results showed that CNT veil is a promising candidate for interleaving application. The toughening effects of CNT veils depend highly on their thickness, degree of compaction, host fabric architectures as well as loading conditions etc. Interlaminar crossing plays a dominant role amongst toughening mechanisms. The crack front propagates alternatingly between interfaces of the laminate, triggering multi-level fiber bridging and significantly improving the fracture toughness of the laminate.

Biography

Yunfu Ou is a Postdoctoral Fellow at Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Hecompleted his PhD at IMDEA Materials Institute &Universidad Politécnica de Madrid in 2020 and obtainedCum Laude Award. He has published over 20 research articles in reputed journals and recently won Excellent postdoctoral fund with 400,000¥for research start. He is currently working carbon fabric/epoxy composites with more emphasis placed on intralaminar and interlaminar toughening of CFRP using CNT and its assemblies.

Abstract

Cyclized polyacrylonitrile, which can be obtained by vulcanization of polyacrylonitrile with sulfur, is an electron-conductive polymer that can be used as a host material in lithium–sulfur batteries. Using density functional theory, we investigated the interaction between a surrounding electrolyte and the polymeric sulfur–polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) electrode. In particular, we focused on different configurations, where the system contains 1,3-dioxane as a solvent and can have (i) polysulfide (PS) solvated in the electrolyte, (ii) a PS attached to the polymer backbone, (iii) lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as a salt dissolved in the electrolyte, and (iv) both PS and LiTFSI dissolved in the electrolyte. We found that the polymer, when having a hydrogen vacancy at a carbon atom (undercoordinated carbon) of the polymer backbone, is able to not only capture a PS from the electrolyte but also decompose and bind to the solvent and/or remove lithium from the PS. During this capturing process, the polysulfide might undergo S–S bond cleavage and recombination, accompanied by a charge transfer between the polysulfide and polymer. Thus, cyclized polyacrylonitrile not only is an interesting host material but also acts as an active material, together with sulfur, by capturing Li from the polysulfide.

Biography

Samuel Bertolini received his PhD at Texas A&M University (USA), Dr. Bertolini joined our group in the Section of Theory, in the department of Electrochemistry, Universität Ulm (Germany), as a Postdoctoral Researcher in October 2018. During this time, Dr. Bertolini has been leading a variety of research projects, particularly focused on sulfur polyacrylonitrile as host material for positive electrodes in lithium-sulfur batteries. Further, has been working on the development of a Software for electron reactive force fields (eReaxFF), and on force field training.

Abstract

The deformation behavior of any material under very non-uniform gradient stress field created under point-contact deformation (micro- and nano-indentation) depends on the possibility of a specific inherent structure to dissipate external mechanical energy for the relaxation of induced internal stresses. The relaxation of internal stresses begins just at the loading stage by dissipating the stored elastic energy onto irreversible plastic deformation or fracture. This dissipation takes place through various “channels”, i.e. mechanisms of deformation: translation mechanism (dislocation movement), rotation mechanism (disclinations, twinning), densification (phase transition, polyamorphism, interstitial plasticity) and fracture. Which of these mechanisms will be involved for the relaxation of the internal stresses depends on several main factors. The first one is structure of material, the second one is strain created by the indenter depending on its geometry and load applied. The third group of factors can be identified as time-dependent ones that include strain rate, prolonged holding under the peak load and cyclic loading. And the fourth factor is temperature of deformation. The relaxation of material continues during unloading stage, entering the second phase, when the external stresses are being removed. This stage is accompanied by elastic recovery, restructuring of the plastic zone and, in case of brittle materials, crack growth and fracture development. On the example of a range of crystalline and vitreous materials the influence of these mains factors on the development of one or another mechanism is presented in this work.

Biography

Olga Shikimaka has completed his PhD from the Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Materials, Institute of Applied Physics. She has been working as a researcher in this laboratory since 2002 and as a head of this laboratory since 2009, and as an Associate Professor at the University of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova since 2011. She has published more than 50 papers in reputed journals and took part in more than 30 scientific forums with oral and poster presentations.

Abstract

Additive Manufacturing (AM) - technologies of layer-by-layer building up and synthesis of objects.Multiple additive manufacturing techniques are presented today in the world. Nowadays there are different kinds of AM realization, from the electron beam, a laser source with respective filler material to wire arc technologies. Among them wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) the most promising for producing large metal components for the construction industry. Firstly, it conditioned by the cost-effectiveness of the WAAM. The heating source in such a scheme is an electric arc. For filler material is used commercial welding wire. The combination of these two factors gives valuable benefit and gain before high-energy laser or electron beam tools.

Direct energy deposition attracts more and more attention in the additive manufacturing design research. Considering GMAW as the most widespread it should be taken into account the operating mode. This means special welding current, voltage, welding speed, etc. In complex all above mentioned welding parameters affecting welding thermal cycle. WCT is the most important measure of welding process effectiveness due to it determines structure formation and thus properties of the final product. In this connection determination of the optimal welding parameters is the key point for successful additive manufacturing process dosing. The modern development of the welding power source offers pulse technology implementation. Commonly known pulse parameters are the amplitude and duration of the pulse and pause put additional complexity into the design process. Nevertheless, the application of special project methods such as the Taguchi algorithm, makes this task solvable.A number of studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of pulse technology in the traditional welding process. Namely, PCGMAW improves stabilization of the arc, decrease spattering, increase penetration depth, etc. Further development of pulsing technologies in GMAW provides additional improvement of the pulse combination, thus obtained double pulse.Application so-called low frequency (f<25Hz) pulse arc welding (PAGMAW) provides opportunities for metal crystallization process controlling. Obviously, a good combination of the modern pulse technologies in GMAW will bring exciting benefits for additive manufacturing promotion into large-scale production.

Biography

Anatoliy Zavdoveev, Ph.D. has been worked in Donetsk Institute of Physics and Technology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine since 2003. From October 2005 to October 2008, he studied at the graduate school of the Donetsk Physics and Technology Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. In 2007 A.V. Zavdoveev was awarded Academician A.A. Galkin scholarship. From November 2008 to November 2014, he worked in the department of high-pressure physics and advanced technologies of the Donetsk Physics and Technology Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Since November 2014 A.V. Zavdoveev works on Researcher position of the department of alloy steels welding, Paton Electric Welding Institute of the NAS of Ukraine. A.V. Zavdoveev defended his thesis for the positions degree of candidate of technical sciences in 2014. The scientific interests of A. V. Zavdoveyev concern the structural, physical, and operational characteristics of low-carbon steel subjected to various thermal-deformation processing methods. A.V. Zavdoveev successfully works with such techniques as backscattered electron diffraction (EBSD), scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, fractography, etc. His work shows the effectiveness of rolling with shear on the structure and properties of low carbon steel. In particular, the use of rolling with shear allows creating a special structure, which is inherited during further processing by traditional methods. He has 1 monograph, more than 15 articles in international journals and over 20 abstracts of conferences, actively participates in international conferences, Institute activities, and student training.

Abstract

Shape memory effect is a peculiar property exhibited a series alloy systems in the β-phase fields. Successive dual thermal induced and stress induced martensitic transformations govern shape memory effect and shape reversibility in shape memory alloys. Shape memory effect is treated thermally by means of thermal induced martensitic transformation and reverse austenitic transformation on cooling and heating after first cooling and deformation processes, this behavior is called thermoelasticity. The shape of materials cycles between original and deformed shapes in bulk level by covering these shapes in reversible way. 

Thermal induced martensitic transformation occurs along with lattice twinning in sub-nano scale on cooling, and ordered parent phase structures turn into twinned martensite structures, and these structures turn into the detwinned martensite structures by means of stress induced transformation by deforming plastically in a strain limit in martensitic condition. Shape memory alloys are in the fully martensitic state below martensite finish temperature, and twinned structure can be easily deformed through variant reorientation/detwinning process. Therefore, martensite is called soft phase and austenite is also called hard phase. Thermal induced martensitic transformation is lattice-distorting phase transformation and occurs as martensite variants with the cooperative movement of atoms by means of shear-like mechanism. These transformations occur by two or more lattice invariant shears on a {110}-type plane of austenite matrix which is basal plane or stacking plane for martensite. The crystal structures of these alloys have greater crystallographic symmetry in parent austenite state than that of the low-temperature product phase.

Copper based alloys exhibit this property in metastable β-phase region, which has bcc-based structures at high temperature parent phase field and these structures martensitically turn into the complex stacking ordered structures with lattice twinning reaction on cooling. Lattice invariant shears are not uniform in copper based shape memory alloys, and the ordered parent phase structures martensitically undergo the non-conventional complex layered structures on cooling.  The long-period layered structures can be described by different unit cells as 3R, 9R or 18R depending on the stacking sequences on the close-packed planes of the ordered lattice. The close-packed planes, basal planes, exhibit high symmetry and short range order as parent phase. The unit cell and periodicity is completed through 18 layers in direction z, in case of 18R martensite, and unit cells are not periodic in short range in direction z.

In the present contribution, x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope studies were carried out on two copper based CuZnAl and CuAlMn alloys. These alloy samples have been heat treated for homogenization in the β-phase fields. X-ray diffraction profiles and electron diffraction patterns exhibit super lattice reflections inherited from parent phase due to the displacive character of martensitic transformation. X-ray diffractograms taken in a long time interval show that diffraction angles and intensities of diffraction peaks change with the aging time at room temperature. In particular, some of the successive peak pairs providing a special relation between Miller indices come close each other, and this result leads to the rearrangement of atoms in diffusive manner.

Biography

Dr Adiguzel graduated from Department of Physics, Ankara University, Turkey in 1974 and received PhD- degree from Dicle University, Diyarbakir-Turkey. He has studied at Surrey University, Guildford, UK, as a post doctoral research scientist in 1986-1987, and studied on shape memory alloys. He worked as research assistant, 1975-80, at Dicle University and shifted to Firat University, Elazig, Turkey in 1980. He became professor in 1996, and he has been retired due to the age limit of 67; following academic life of 45 years. He published over 60 papers in international and national journals; He joined over 100 conferences and symposia in international and national level as participant, invited speaker or keynote speaker with contributions of oral or poster. He served the program chair or conference chair/co-chair in some of these activities. In particular, he joined in last six years (2014 - 2019) over 60 conferences as Keynote Speaker and Conference Co-Chair organized by different companies. He supervised 5 PhD- theses and 3 M.Sc- theses. Dr. Adiguzel served his directorate of Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Firat University, in 1999-2004. He received a certificate awarded to him and his experimental group in recognition of significant contribution of 2 patterns to the Powder Diffraction File – Release 2000. The ICDD (International Centre for Diffraction Data) also appreciates cooperation of his group and interest in Powder Diffraction File.

Abstract

In stereolithographic additive manufacturing (STL-AM), 2-D cross sections were created through photo polymerization by UV laser drawing on spread resin paste including nanoparticles, and 3-D models were sterically printed by layer lamination. The lithography system has been developed to obtain bulky ceramic components with functional geometries. An automatic collimeter was newly equipped with the laser scanner to adjust beam diameter. Fine or coarse beams could realize high resolution or wide area drawings, respectively. As the row material of the 3-D printing, nanometer sized metal and ceramic particles were dispersed in to acrylic liquid resins at about 60 % in volume fraction. These materials were mixed and deformed to obtained thixotropic slurry. The resin paste was spread on a glass substrate at 50 μm in layer thickness by a mechanically moved knife edge. An ultraviolet laser beam of 355 nm in wavelength was adjusted at 50 μm in variable diameter and scanned on the spread resin surface. Irradiation power was changed automatically for enough solidification depth for layer bonding. The composite precursors including nanoparticles were dewaxed and sintered in the air atmosphere. In recent investigations, ultraviolet laser lithographic additive manufacturing (UVL-AM) was newly developed as a direct forming process of fine metal or ceramic components. As an additive manufacturing technique, 2-D cross sections were created through dewaxing and sintering by UV laser drawing, and 3-D components were sterically printed by layer laminations with interlayer joining. Though the computer aided smart manufacturing, design and evaluation (Smart MADE), practical materials components were fabricated to modulate energy and material transfers in potential fields between human societies and natural environments as active contributions to Sustainable Development to Goals (SDGs). The novel fabrication proceeses of dielectric crystals with periodic arrangements for electromagnetic wave control, solid electrolytes with large surface area for effective energy storage, and structural materials including micro lattice patterns for stress distributions.

Biography

Soshu Kirihara is a doctor of engineering and a professor of Joining and Welding Research Institute (JWRI), Osaka University, Japan. In his main investigation “Materials Tectonics” for environmental improvements of “Geotechnology”, multi-dimensional structures were successfully fabricated to modulate energy and materials flows effectively. Ceramic and metal components were fabricated directly by smart additive manufacturing, design and evaluation (Smart MADE) using high power ultraviolet laser lithography. Original stereolithography systems were developed, and new start-up company “SK-Fine” was established through academic-industrial collaboration.

Abstract

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is associated with the use of electromagnetic radiation that is converted to heat by means of near-infrared (NIR) light absorbing nanomaterials and emerged as an interesting approach for the treatment of various diseases. Additionally, the combination of PTT with the therapeutic efficacy of drugs represents an appealing mean to achieve a synergistic treatment via the on-demand and controlled delivery of drugs. The release of antibiotics via PTT has attracted great attention and considered as a novel approach to reduce the resistance effect of bacteria and induce their killing under the influence of NIR illumination. The use of NIR light (~ 980 nm) is preferred, owing to its ability to penetrate deeper tissues without causing damage to normal cells and nearby tissues. In addition to this advantage, nanomaterials absorbing in the NIR range can cause an increase in the temperature of a targeted region via their photothermal conversion capability. This approach motivated the use of photothermal nanoagents for the delivery of antibiotics in order to induce bacterial eradication and treat bacterial infections. Among a variety of nanomaterials, CuS nanoparticles generated a widespread interest as a promising photothermal nano-agent due to their low cost, simple synthetic approach, and strong absorbance in the 980 nm-NIR range, which particularly arises from the d-d band transition of Cu2+ ions. This feature provides CuS the efficiency to resist any changes in the surrounding media, as well reinforces its photothermal stability. Though, we report on the synthesis of CuS using a simple low-cost method via biomineralization assay using BSA protein. The prepared CuS-BSA nanoparticles displayed excellent colloidal stability, dispersibility, high photothermal heating performance and photothermal stability under NIR light absorbance. A natural enzyme “lysozyme’’ was loaded onto CuS-BSA to construct a nanocarrier system. Under a 980 nm-laser light, the release rate of the antibiotic was improved at physiological pH, which was beneficial to completely eradicate the bacteria and disrupt their microenvironmen

Biography

I'm Abir SWAIDAN, a PhD researcher at the Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, France. I did research in Catalysis, Nanotechnology and Materials science. My project was about 'Synthesis of composite nanomaterials as enzyme mimics for sensitive and selective detection of heavy metal ions in real environmental water samples and biomolecules in human serum, and as photothermal nano-agents for controlled release of drugs for bacterial treatment and biofilm disruption under near-infrared irradiation'.

Abstract

In the present study, ductile iron camshafts low alloyed with 0.2 and 0.3 wt % vanadium were produced to study the microstructural and mechanical evaluation of lobes and camshaft. For this purpose, camshafts were produced in one of the largest manufacturers of the ductile iron camshaft in México by the phenolic urethane no-bake sand mold casting method. The microstructure of the lobes was studied in three zones located at the top, middle, and bottom of the lobes by optical microscopy, and mechanical tests were performed on lobes and camshafts. A homogeneous distribution of spheroidal graphite with high nodularity for both castings was obtained from the regions of the lobes analyzed. The high cooling rate on the lobe surfaces enabled us to obtain a high nodule count of a smaller size instead of the middle region where big nodules with a low nodule count are presented. An inverse chill behavior was found in the middle region of the lobes where there is an increase in the concentration of carbide-forming elements, leading to the highest microhardness values in this region. The tensile properties were increased when the vanadium contents were increased; however, the toughness and ductility of the as-cast alloys were decreased as a result of the increase of the volume fraction of carbide particles. 

Biography

Engineer interested in learning, analyze information, develop skills and solve problems through DMAIC methodology to achieve company and personal goals; experience in process engineering and metallic materials for the automotive industry; especially alloys for components exposed to high wear and high yield strength alloys through the use of heat treatments. I am a materials engineer with expertise in induction hardened heat treatment and austempered ductile irons. My experience in the involvement and coordination R&D (Research & Development), and NPI (New Product Introduction) projects are competitive advantages. Qualified in the use of Physical Metallurgy and Phase Transformations, optical microscopy, mechanical testing, heat treatment process development, chemical analysis and XRD analysis to determination of Retained Austenite to characterized and solve metallurgical failures. Knowledge in molten aluminum alloys for HPDC, treatment and evaluation of porosity, effect of master alloy additions and microstructural characterization and powder metallurgy by the conventional method of pressing - sintering and advanced materials such as graphene.

Abstract

Sugar based biopolymers [poly(sugar acids)] have widely used in medicine and pharmaceutics. According to data of liquid-state 1H, 13C NMR, 2D 1H/13C  HSQC, 2D DOSY and solid-state 13C NMR spectra the main chemical constit­uent of high molecular (>1000 kDa) water-soluble preparations from medicinal plants of Boraginaceae family was found to be poly[oxy-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylene] or poly[3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)glyceric acid] (PDPGA). PDPGA as 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl derivative of poly(2,3-glyceric acid ether) with a residue of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)glyceric acid as the repeating unit belongs to a class of poly(sugar acids). Poly(2,3-glyceric acid ether) chain is the backbone of this polymer molecule and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl groups are regular substituents at 3C carbon atoms in the chain. The monomer of PDPGA 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)glyceric acid was synthesized via asymmetric dihydroxylation of trans-caffeic acid using potassium osmate catalyst. Methylated derivative of PDPGA was synthesized via ring opening polymerization (ROP) of 2-methoxycarbonyl-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)oxirane using cationic initiator BF3·OEt2. Oligomers of PDPGA was synthesized by “green chemistry” enzymatic ROP of methyl 3-(3,4-dibenzyloxyphenyl)glycidate using lipase from Candida rugosa and further deprotection. Hyaluronidase (Hyal-1) degrades high molecular mass hyaluronic acid into smaller fragments which have pro-inflammatory effects. PDPGA possesses the ability to inhibit the enzymatic activity of Hyal-1 completely. Consequently, PDPGA exhibited anti-inflammatory efficacy. PDPGA and synthetic monomer exerted anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo against androgen-dependent  and  -independent prostate cancer (PCA) cells via  targeting  androgen receptor, cell  cycle  arrest and  apoptosis  without any toxicity, together  with  a strong decrease  in  prostate specific antigen level in plasma. Thus, PDPGA was identified as a potent agent against PCA without any toxicity. 

Biography

Dr. Vakhtang Barbakadze has his expertise in isolation and structure elucidation of biologically active plant polysaccharides and polyethers. In 1978 and 1999 he has completed his Ph.D and D.Sci., respectively. He is the Head of Department of Plant Biopolymers at the Tbilisi State Medical University Institute of Pharmacochemistry. In 1996 and 2002 he has been a visiting scientist at Utrecht University (The Netherlands) by University Scholarship and The Netherlands organization for scientific research (NWO) Scholarship Scientific Program, respectively. He has published more than 100 papers in reputed journals. In 2004 he was Georgian State Prize Winner in Science and Technology.

Abstract

The work reported here deals with the development of an efficient non-Pt electrocatalyst for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) through a sequential pathway involving hydrothermal treatment followed by freeze-drying to build the desired structural architecture of the catalyst. The designed catalyst (Co3O4/NEGF), which contains the Co3O4 nanorods anchored on the surface of the 3D structured N-doped graphene, was found to be displaying higher ORR activity during single-electrode testing and demonstration of a Zn-air battery (ZAB) system. Under the hydrothermal treatment at 180 °C in the presence of ammonia, nitrogen got doped into the carbon framework of the graphene, which subsequently formed a self-assembled entangled 3D structure of graphene after freeze-drying. The hydrothermal treatment and freezedrying processes are found to be playing vital roles in tuning the morphological and structural features of the catalyst. The doped nitrogen, apart from its favorable contribution towards ORR, helps to facilitate efficient dispersion of the oxide nanorods on graphene. Co3O4/NEGF displayed remarkable ORR activity in 0.1 M KOH solution, as evident from the 60 mV onset potential shift compared to the state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst and the Tafel slope value of 74 mV dec-1 vs. 68 mV dec-1 for Pt/C. The ZAB fabricated by employing Co3O4/NEGF as the cathode catalyst was found to be an efficient competitor for the system based on the Pt/C cathode. This high-performance has been credited to the controlled interplay of the governing factors such as the interfacial interactions leading to the efficient dispersion of the metal oxide nanorods, increased catalyst surface area, the cooperative effect arising from the defects present in the Ndoped porous 3D-graphene, and the synergetic Interactions operating in the system. 

Biography

Narugopal Manna is a Doctoral Fellow at the CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory. He has done M.Sc from Calcutta University. After that, he joined NCL in 2016. His main research lines include the synthesis and characterization of low-cost nanomaterials for electrochemical energy applications. Throughout his scientific career, he has participated in national and international conferences. Additionally, he published three articles on electrocatalysts development and energy applications.

Abstract

Montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) were coated on the PVC based artificial leather with layer-by-layer assembly for flame retardant application. Number of bilayers, thickness and, concentration of the PDDA solutions and MMT suspensions were the parameters focused for optimization in this study. An Apex eight slot dip coating apparatus was employed for layer-by-layer assembly of positively charged PDDA and negatively charged MMT. Both corona treated and control leather was coated with MMT and PDDA. The 17cm × 9.5 cm fabrics were coated and tested in the vertical flame test apparatus which was designed and made locally. The corona treated fabric with 20 bilayers passed the vertical flammability test. Tris buffer (C4H11NO3) was also used in the coating process so as to improve the uniformity of MMT on PDDA. For corona treated fabric with 20 bilayers, the flame was extinguished after 20 seconds and only 11 cm of the leather was burned. Contrast to the coated leather, the control leather burned for 1-2 mins and the entire control sample burned. Flame retardant nanocoating on PVC based artificial leather has never been employed earlier and this research has opened a new window for optimization of flame retardant artificial leather. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) was performed to confirm the coating. Contact angle measurements were done to study the effect of corona treatment on surface of leather.

Biography

Akshat Verma has completed his Master in Engineering from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Pilani (BITS PILANI) in June 2021. He is a young researcher and his interest as well his present work lies in novel fire-retardant coatings. He has done his Bachelor in Technology in Chemical Engineering from Department of Chemical Engineering, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India where he worked on wastewater treatment & energy generation using microbial fuel cell, and presented his work at two conferences. His work was published in conference proceeding of International Conference on Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICETSD-2019).