Abstract
Artifial Intelligence is becoming powerful tool for enhacing the effectiveness of almost all human activities. One of the domains, where its implemetation could be extremely plausible is the Disaster Medical Support. The efficient, adequate and prompt Disaster Medical Support could be performed only, when it is based on comprehensive and detailed Disaster medical support contingency plan.
The objective of this study is to present the Artificial Intelligence capabilities to speed and sophisticate the disaster medical long-term and crysis planning processes.
Based on the thoroughly performed review of the publications and on the gained personal experience some of the most appropriate implementations are presented and discussed.
As a result of the performed research and analyses, has to be noted that the Disaster medical support plan basic areas as environmental overview, hazards and related risk factors’ identification, vulnerability assessment and general and healthrisk levels’ evaluation are of the most suitable for Artificial Intelligence implementation. The predictive models related to increasing the populatrion, communities and healthcare systems resilience are also noted as prefferable for Artificial Intelligence-driven support. While Artificial Intelligence implementation into long-term disaster medical support planning could be a little bit limited, because of the existing already well definied data bases, its implementation into the crisis palnning process has not to be questioned and discussed. The speed and accuracy of the developing situation assessment and courses of action proposals are of great and life saving value.
As a conclusion the growing, comprehensive implementation of the Artificial Intelligence into Disaster Medical Support Planning has to be noted.
Biography
Prof Colonel Rostislav Stefanov Kostadinov is Organizing and leading the educational process for Medical University of Plovdiv and Medical College of Plovdiv students. Delivering lectures, leading seminars and the students examine. Monitoring, organizing, and facilitating the International relations and Project activities of the Public Health Faculty academic staff. Organizing and leading Ph.D. and resident programs on Disaster Medicine and Disaster Medical Support at the Medical University of Plovdiv Planning, organizing, and managing courses for improvement of the population skills for healthy behavior in case of disasters and catastrophes. Leading and managing courses for disaster medical support (for medical professionals) and advance medical training for search and rescue team members.
Abstract
The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factor Study (GBD) released by The Lancet Neurology on March 14, 2024, with data analysis contributions by the World Health Organization (WHO), reveals “over 1 in 3 people are affected by neurological conditions, now the leading cause of illness and disability worldwide.” Member states at the World Health Assembly in 2022 adopted the Intersectoral Global Action Plan 2022-2031 to help countries improve prevention, early identification, treatment, and rehabilitation of neurological disorders. Matters of equity and access to quality care can be addressed only when countries are willing to invest in research about risks to brain health, provide support to the healthcare workforce, and emphasize public health approaches. The umbrella term “dementia” shows up in the top ten most common neurological conditions across the globe. Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) and its cousin Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) are the second most common dementia type, behind the more widely recognized and better-defined Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Other dementia examples include frontotemporal dementia (FTLD) and vascular dementia (VaD). Recent studies show certain comorbidities are shared among these dementia subtypes. The most common comorbidities amongst these dementias are high cholesterol, high blood pressure, insomnia, diabetes mellitus, and hearing impairment. Predictably, late onset dementia (>65) patients suffer a higher burden of comorbidities than those with early onset (<65). Public health approaches to teach about the different dementias and to help people know what to look for are key--with special emphasis on safety problems unique to Lewy Body Dementia or Dementia with Lewy Bodies. LBD first presents typically with Parkinsonian type symptoms, like slow walking, which generally precede noticeable cognitive decline. Cognitive decline generally precedes major mobility symptoms in DLB. Other seemingly unrelated symptoms can include REM sleep disorder, falling, apathy, and constipation. What sets LBD/DLB apart from the other dementias is the onset of persistent hallucinations and delusions, often of children or animals. In no other dementia is the problem of hallucinations so prevalent, nor the safety of the patient and the caregivers more at risk of harm. Visual/spatial difficulties are common but can affect more that vision. With LBD/DLB, a person can become disoriented in places familiar or forget how to navigate routes taken many times before. Driving becomes a problem before hallucinations start, but we often don’t know any spatial problems exist. We tend to suppose the person is just clumsy or forgetful, not that these issues portend deteriorating cognition. Once hallucinations are reported, often they persist. Daily, even hourly, reporting of the same people, similar figures, scenarios, activities, or completely different characters and activities becomes the norm. Indeed, the onset of reported hallucinations is many times the turning point for a family-a family looking for answers about what is happening to their loved one. Even within the healthcare world, one hears, “Louie who?” Those aware know that these intense and irrational suspicions can lead to dangerous situations for the patient and the very people caring for the patient. In LBD, these hallucinations are not necessarily fleeting or vague, but rather described in rich detail down to others “present,” alive and deceased, clothing, time of day, lighting, time in history, theories about back stories, how different figures help, or lure, or tell the patient to “do something.” In early days of hallucination onset, one may be able and should try to help the patient understand the difference. However, stark and shocking awareness may precede an inability to stop, creating even more distress for the patient and family. Auditory and olfactory hallucinations are possible but not typically as prevalent
Biography
Sharon Fisher Roberts, a longtime local government and public health attorney, graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Organismal and Systems Biology from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, USA, and with a Juris Doctorate degree from St. Mary’s University in San Antonio, Texas, USA. She has been a writer, trainer, and speaker for local, state, and international associations, across sectors, in areas of governance, disability law, civil rights, administration of justice, environmental regulations, housing, nonprofit management, communication, and best business practices. She is currently writing a novel and lawyering for committed local leaders
Abstract
The health of women and children is vital to creating a healthy world. Despite great progress, there are still too many mothers and children dying—mostly from causes that could have been prevented. Every day, approximately 800 women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. 99% of these deaths occur in developing countries. In 2012, 6.6 million children died before age 5—5 million of them in the first year of life.
Improvements in maternal and child (MCH) are a major focus of the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs 4, 5, and 6), which still need substantial work to achieve 2015 targets, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
CDC has a decades-long history of engaging in activities to improve MCH globally, building on its domestic expertise, and making important contributions to reducing child mortality and morbidity worldwide. Most notably, CDC has been involved in a wide range of activities that address the major causes of perinatal, maternal, and under-5 morbidity and mortality. These include direct and indirect causes of maternal mortality, preterm birth complications, PMTCT, congenital syphilis, diarrheal diseases, vaccine-preventable diseases, malaria, pneumonia, TB, nutrition, and injury and violence.
CDC’s Global MCH work focuses on four goals:
- Reduce Under 5 Morbidity and Mortality
- Reduce Perinatal and Maternal Morbidity and Mortality
- Strengthen Public Health Systems for MCH
- Strengthen Partnerships
Maternal health refers to women's health during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period.
Each stage should be a positive experience, ensuring women and their babies reach their full potential for health and well-being.
Although significant progress has been made in the last two decades, about 287,000 women died during and following pregnancy and childbirth in 2020. This number is unacceptably high.
The most common direct causes of maternal injury and death are excessive blood loss, infection, high blood pressure, unsafe abortion, and obstructed labor, as well as indirect causes such as anemia, malaria, and heart disease.
Most maternal deaths are preventable with timely management by a skilled health professional working in a supportive environment.
Ending preventable maternal death must remain at the top of the global agenda. At the same time, simply surviving pregnancy and childbirth can never be the marker of successful maternal health care. It is critical to expand efforts to reduce maternal injury and disability to promote health and well-being.
Every pregnancy and birth is unique. Addressing inequalities that affect health outcomes, especially sexual and reproductive health and rights, and gender, is fundamental to ensuring all women have access to respectful and high-quality maternity care.
Biography
Award-winning and dynamic professional in social services and public health services. I will maintain positive and long-lasting relationships with networking partners, staff, and clients. I will strive each day to carry out the mission of the BeLite Medical Clinic. The BeLite Medical Clinic is a Mental Health Clinic.
Abstract
Bottled water
The controversy started recently. But 30 years ago or more researchers tried to prove that it wasn’t good for our health. But the bottled water companies had strong political influence and these researchers were stopped with their effort. Was bigger than them.
Nowadays many universities are starting to search the situation especially with the uncertainty of cancerous explosions in our generation Just for the listener and the reader.
If you have a cup of water and leave it for a day for sure it will taste different. So what’s in the bottled water that makes it very different. Let’s take a dive into this research and see for ourselves.
Biography
Minerva kelada MD. A practicing physician and owner of Deanza urgent care clinic Graduated from UCLA pathology then did Family Medicine University of south Alabama. Chief medical officer for imperial county physicians medical group Was an adjunct clinical instructor UCSD Past medical consultant for the state medical board of California Involved in few new research projects recently University of Arkansas
Abstract
Introduction: Building upon the success of our previous endeavors, Check Yourself aims to be at the forefront of national HIV/STI prevention efforts. Developed in collaboration with public health departments, our program continues to break down barriers to asymptomatic screening for HIV and STI’s. Partnering with a public health technology laboratory, Check Yourself offers variation in testing kits that screens for five of the commonly found STI’s (HIV, Syphilis EIA, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea and Trichomoniasis) including Hepatitis C and a screening panel for PrEP.
Methods: Introduced in 2022 by the National Coalition of STD Directors, Check Yourself has evolved to meet the changing landscape of public health programming offering clients the convenience to choose when and where to test. Since its initial launch, the program conducts business in 10 states, has a total of 16 clients and operates in 48 sites. Check Yourself is poised for further growth to underserved communities, supporting policies to sustain and expand the program’s reach.
Results: In 2023 year to date, Check Yourself administered over 7,000 test kits and observed a 6% positivity rate among primarily asymptomatic clients.
Discussion/Conclusion: Check Yourself stands as a testament to the effectiveness of tailored non-clinic, self-collect healthcare solutions. Recognizing the evolving needs of patients, the program will introduce multiple site testing for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea. Check Yourself is committed to continued innovation that will support uptake in asymptomatic screening and promote best practices in healthcare delivery.
Biography
Jessica manages the Check Yourself At-Home Testing Program at National Coalition of STD Directors (NCSD) providing training and technical assistance to national public health partners. Prior to joining NCSD, Jessica oversaw the daily operations of a walk-in HIV/STI sexual health clinic at Ruth M. Rothstein CORE Center in Chicago, one of the largest HIV treatment facilities in the Midwest. Jessica earned a Master of Public Health from the University of Illinois at Chicago and a Bachelor of Community Health from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She currently serves as board member of the Latino Caucus for Public Health, an affiliated organization of the American Public Health Association. In 2020, Jessica became a published contributing author for Today's Inspired Young Latina Vol II book series where she hopes her story will empower and inspire fellow Latinas to pursue a career in public health.
Abstract
Based on the familiar idiom that “Laughter is the Best Medicine,” which is supported by 405 studies, LaughMD seeks to address the challenges described in the ARPA-H Proactive Health focus area by developing an innovative approach to improve cancer care by integrating humor therapy, aiming to not only elevate the quality of life for patients but also regulate the autonomic nervous system and promote overall wellbeing. Our invention is particularly designed for cancer patients grappling with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), addressing their complex needs through a comprehensive and parallel treatment strategy. Our innovation is based on scientific evidence 1,2 showing that laughter represents a promising non-invasive and cost-effective intervention to alleviate stress and anxiety, foster post-traumatic growth, and even boost the immune system. While laughter-based therapy has demonstrated broad applications for general wellness 3,4, its impacts could provide particular value for a vulnerable patient demographic at the intersection of chronic disease, mental health challenges related to PTSD, and opioid use disorders, offering care teams an additional tool to break cycles of distress without further medication 5,6. Laughter's capacity to simultaneously reduce anxieties, inflammation, and promote overall well-being makes humor a promising means to delicately meet the multidimensional needs of this high-risk population.
Biography
Prof. Frank Chindamo, CEO, LaughMD™, oversees the implementation of the laughter therapy program, bringing his compassion born from personal losses and trailblazing entertainment industry success with SNL, HBO, Showtime, CBS, PBS and Comedy Central. Frank was an Adjunct Professor in Web Video at USC, UCLA, Chapman, Pepperdine University, and Emerson College. Frank has won 30+ awards for producing comedy videos. He launched the world’s first mobile comedy channel, was featured on the front pages of Forbes Magazine, the LA Times, the Wall Street Journal and the NY Times. He is a Certified Humor Professional of the Association for Applied and Therapeutic Humor
Abstract
Adolescents carry the major burden of mental health illnesses as they experience many vulnerabilities and significant changes in their lives. Resilience-based programs can help reduce the impact that negative emotions have on an individual. A narrative review outlining the outcomes achieved by 5 different resilience programs was carried out, with the CorStone program as the main case study. 6 interviews were also conducted with CorStone staff and teachers, which have analysed thematically. Four main topics of outcomes resulted from all programmes. This included a positive attitude towards school and students’ own futures, an increase in classroom cohesion and social inclusion, an improvement in teacher wellbeing, and the use of skills learnt. Key themes found during the interviews were: the improvement of student-teacher relationships, the information delivered by the programme was retained, there changed attitudes towards school and peers and there was an increase in confidence. There were many sub themes relating to these main themes. Improving an individual’s positive attitude can lead to better relationships and school engagement. The review also found that the outcomes achieved by the CorStone programmes were repeatable in other resilience-based programs.
Biography
Ritika Parasrampuria has completed her Masters in Global Mental Health and Society from the University of Edinburgh. She is currently working for Central and North West London Mental Health NHS Foundation, supporting the Palliative care team. The team supports and provides symptom control and pain management for Palliative Care patients. Her interest and Master's thesis is in resilience building along with mental health promotion and prevention.
Abstract
This research addresses behavior difficulties and maladaptive coping among African American children and adolescents, and the manner in which these outcomes differ among those with incarcerated mothers. The study also provides an in-depth analysis of the experiences of mothers during and after their incarceration. Earlier investigations suggested that mothers’ victimization and offending, including drug use, are related to children’s emotional and behavioral outcomes. Hence, this research extends an ongoing project by investigating the nature of this relationship using aggregate data on adolescent health outcomes. Generally, most research addresses parental incarceration, typically followed by negative responses of male youth. Less research has evaluated the outcomes of parents’ incarceration on African American children and adolescents specifically. This is particularly true among those with incarcerated mothers. Additionally, examinations have highlighted the role of fathers’ incarceration on negative family functioning, yet we know less about the impact of mothers’ imprisonment and re-entry on children’s behavior. Many of these mothers are single and live in poverty, and their economic situations lead to higher risks of recidivism, deleteriously affecting their children. Moreover, several of them are raising children while experiencing traumatic mental health concerns amid drug usage with minimal support or treatment. For the current project, special attention is also placed on the mothers’ experiences with contact with children, prior history of substance abuse, mental illness, treatment for drug and alcohol problems, and coping with separation from children in an attempt to reveal the subsequent, harmful impact on children’s behavioral adjustment.
Biography
Dr. Zina T. McGee, Endowed University Professor of Sociology, received the B.A. and M.A. in Sociology from the University of New Orleans, and the Ph.D. in Sociology from Tulane University. She engages in community-based participatory research, with specialization in juvenile delinquency and adjustment outcomes, violent victimization among minority youth, and patterns of coping among abused female offenders. She is the recipient of grants from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), which examines patterns of coping, victimization and offending among minority youth and Hampton University to investigate patterns of drug addiction among minority women in prison.
Abstract
Health Security includes many aspects of healthcare services in which it is a goal that Public Health would aim to achieve. Health Security might include easy access into the healthcare systems into all the services including preventative, diagnostic, therapeutic, awareness, and health literacy whether nationwide or globally. Aiming for Health Security internationally is Global Health Security. However, Global Health Security could be impacted negatively by any kind of conflicts. Per Professor Christopher J.L. Murray, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation “Conflicts is a major contributor to ill health worldwide, both from the direct physical impacts of war and cascading effects on health systems”. Therefore “We must make the avoidance of conflict a top priority for health” to achieve and then to maintain Global Health Security.
Global Health Security is defined by the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) as “the existence of strong and resilient public health systems that can prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats, wherever they occur in the world”.
The political and the armed conflicts have been proven to be related to each other and such conflicts have been significantly and negatively impacted on the healthcare system where the conflicts are. Conflicts between countries and civil local wars affected dramatically on the healthcare systems nationally and internationally due to damaging the healthcare infrastructure examples of countries like Iraq, Syria, and other areas of conflicts having declined and reduced quality in healthcare services due to damaged infrastructures including the healthcare systems. Therefore, such topic needs to be addressed and then to be considered seriously by the international community.
Biography
A general practitioner licensed in Iraq and registered at the Iraqi medical association. Graduated within MBChB from Baghdad University and obtained more higher medical degrees from British Universities. Pain management board certified from the American academy of Procedural Medicine. A Fellow of the Royal Society for Public Health. Have a variable medical experience and expanded medical knowledge. Worked in different medical fields including patient care setting, healthcare management, and medical research. Passionate and interested in preventive healthcare, in primary healthcare, in public health medicine practice, in healthcare quality improvements, and in medical data management.
Abstract
In 1983, the relatively undeveloped town of Plano, Texas earned the title of “Suicide City” after a sudden cluster of sixteen adolescent suicide attempts plagued the north of Dallas. Twenty-two years later, award-winning author and mental health activist Margaret Beaver was born, and today she embarks on a grueling exploration of the burgeoning mental health crisis afflicting American and global adolescents, with a particular emphasis on drawing from a rich tapestry of direct accounts and personal narratives. This presentation encompasses the foundations of empirical research, historical and statistical assessments, and literature reviews, striving to scrutinize the multifaceted nature of mental illness in youth by dissecting the tiers of social misunderstanding that often exacerbate the stigma and isolation experienced by young sufferers. Central to this discourse is the critical examination of parental relationships, delineating their profound impact on the mental health trajectory of adolescents and equipping families with an open dialogue that reverberates across all demographics, catalyzing change and fostering hope for afflicted adolescents and their loved ones. “Stories of Our Youth: Adolescent Mental Illness and What We Should Be Doing About It” ardently argues for a robust preventative agenda, emphasizing the necessity of early detection, empathetic communication, and proactive mental health education.
Biography
MARGARET BEAVER is an eighteen-year-old college freshman, mental health and LGBT+ equality activist, and award-winning poet and novelist. She has been honored as a two-time consecutive Topical Winner of Live Poets Society of New Jersey publications, a recipient of the Readers’ Favorite Five-Star cover seal, and decorated with the Donna Lynn Quille Award for Best Advocacy Prose. She writes nonfiction poetry collections and novels spanning all subgenres of fiction detailing the integral topics of inclusivity and prejudice, abusive authority, estranged parents and children, the detriments of mental illness, and the triumph of family. She is the author of INKWELLS. (Pegasus Publishers, 2022); FLOWERS FOR PAPA (Pegasus Publishers, 2024); and SEASONS: AUGUST’S COLLECTION (Pegasus Publishers, 2024). As a representative and ambassador for Focus on Women Magazine, she harbors close affiliations with local news channels and is the founder of Margaret Beaver Books, a grassroots organization aspiring to collaborate with mental health and literary initiatives in aiding the accessibility of treatment, education, and the arts. Margaret proudly upholds certifications from The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Stanford Health Care concerning equality in medicine. She can be visited at www.margaretbeaverbooks.com.
Abstract
The multiple correlations between smoking and diseases that relate to the entire range of internal medicine have been known for decades. Various alternatives have been proposed, including nicotine patches and gum, and bupropion pills. Other alternatives used are acupuncture and sleep therapy.
References to the electronic cigarette or e-cigarette date back to 2004, when Hon Lik first developed it in China. It is atomiser that looks like a conventional cigarette, but differs in that it contains a mixture of glycerol, propylene glycol, fragrances and possibly nicotine in quantities of 1.6-1.9 mg/device. It is generally believed that it is a form of smoking that is safer than the conventional one. Even though there has been a limited number of experimental and epidemiological studies conducted and the results in some cases are contradictory, it seems that this view is not far from the truth given that, to date, the adverse events of e-cigarettes are significantly fewer than those of conventional cigarettes.
However, the potential health risks reported include airway irritation, cardiovascular burden and fatty liver infiltration. In addition, strict specifications are not always followed during the manufacturing of e-cigarettes. As a result, apart from very small quantities of nicotine, they also contain carcinogens and metals that could theoretically impact one’s health.
Biography
Efstathios Koutsostathis is Medical Consultant at Sotiria hospital for Thoracic diseases ICU.He graduated from the Athens medical school in Greece and he has a Master degree in Public health.He is candidate PhD at the university of West Attica. He has many presentations in medical conferences and he has published medical articles in reputed journals
Abstract
Will be updated soon..
Biography
Dr Najeeb Ahmad Rumi Assistant Prof Mind Health specialist MBBS, MPH, Masters in Public health, lifestyle management, Nero health and Behavioral sciences. Global public health advisor Ibna sina institute Turkey. Project Director Health and well-being Resort Turkey Director Mind Health Services centre London UK
Abstract
The Global aging demographic landscape highlights a concomitant rise in chronic conditions and infectious diseases. Older adults face a heightened susceptibility to infections, particularly pneumonia and urinary tract infections and chronic comorbidities such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and dementia. Frailty defined by a set of phenotypic criteria emerges as a crucial predictor of adverse outcomes and infections, affecting hospitalization and post care interventions. Various frailty indices demonstrate their utility in predicting complication, long-term outcomes and mortality. Cardiovascular diseases including acute coronary syndrome and myocardial infarction's exhibit varied associations with frailty influencing both short-term and long-term prognosis. The impact of frailty extends to valvular heart disease and congestive heart failure. Dementia and frailty go hand-in-hand, predict mortality, depression, and reduced activities of daily living emphasizing the need to include frailty in Geriatric assessment and intervention. Future interventions should address the role of frailty and predicting poor prognostic outcomes including readmission rates, overall functional status, and mortality across varied health areas involving Geriatric healthcare.
Biography
Dr. Valvani is an Internationally known Medical Doctor currently working at North Alabama Medical Center, Florence Alabama as Associate Program Director of their Internal Medicine Residency Program. She completed her medical education from India followed by residency in Internal Medicine and fellowship in Geriatrics from New York. She has additional CMD certificaton from American Society of Post Acute and Longterm Care Medicine. Her interests are Medical Education, Geriatrics, Cardiovascular Health, Public Health and Quality Improvement. She has received National and International recognition for her work in Medicine particularly Geriatrics.
Abstract
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD) are recognized as significant health concerns, characterized by hormonal disruptions, menstrual irregularities, and ovarian cyst formation. This abstract explores the evolving epidemiological landscape of PCOS, highlighting its emergence as a growing epidemic with an estimated 1.55 million incident cases worldwide. The rising prevalence of PCOS and PCOD poses a considerable challenge, particularly impacting individuals of reproductive age and their overall well-being.
This abstract delves into the multifaceted nature of PCOS, emphasizing its broad-ranging consequences on women's health, with a focus on mental health and associated comorbidities. A recent study conducted in the United States revealed compelling insights, indicating that women diagnosed with PCOS exhibit a 77% higher likelihood of experiencing anxiety, a 53% higher likelihood of developing eating disorders, and more than double the risk of depression compared to their counterparts without PCOS.
As an epidemic, PCOS demands urgent attention from healthcare stakeholders, necessitating comprehensive research, public health initiatives, and innovative interventions to address its multifactorial etiology and mitigate its widespread impact on women's health worldwide.
Biography
Aishwarya, a Competitive Intelligence Associate Consultant in healthcare, specializes in clinical research and pharmacovigilance, aiming to empower women through accessible healthcare solutions. Passionate about advancing women's health, she is dedicated to making informed decisions in the dynamic healthcare landscape. Aishwarya's commitment to positive change, particularly in contraception and women's health, is evident in her eagerness to contribute expertise to initiatives. At the conference, she seeks to engage with professionals, share insights, and collectively contribute to the broader advancement of women's health, bringing a wealth of knowledge and fervent dedication.
Abstract
This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive examination of UNICEF Lesotho's health-related interventions over the 2019-2023 program cycle, scrutinized through the lens of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) criteria: relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and sustainability. It assesses the extent to which health programs have met the evolving needs of children and communities, the effectiveness of health strategies in improving child health outcomes, the efficiency of resource utilization, and the enduring benefits of health initiatives. The analysis dissects the linkages between health objectives and the stakeholders' needs, emphasizing the criticality of health interventions that prioritize children's well-being and, simultaneously, consider and act upon children own voices and priorities. Key findings highlight the significance of community-driven health strategies, the imperative for precise and inclusive health services, and the crucial need to ensure that children's voices are heard, with programs shaped to reflect and incorporate their perspectives. It highlights how partnerships and capacity building are indispensable for sustainable health impacts. Moreover, the adaptability of health programs in response to emergencies, like the COVID-19 pandemic, emerges as a fundamental trait for ongoing relevance and efficacy. This retrospective analysis not only evaluates past performances but also sets the stage for methodological refinements, endorsing a stronger emphasis on child-centered health priorities within the OECD evaluation framework for future cycles.
Biography
Currently serving as a PME (Research Specialist) at UNICEF Lesotho, Sonia brings over 20 years of experience as an accomplished Assistant Professor and researcher. Her expertise lies in assisting vulnerable populations affected by crises, disasters, and conflicts. Sonia has a strong background in capacity building, training, and applying anthropology to humanitarian contexts. With a PhD in Permanent Education and Adult Training, complemented by degrees in Educational and Psychological Sciences, Sonia has also pursued postgraduate studies in crucial areas such as Gender Equality, Human Rights, and Crisis Intervention
Abstract
Human Tuberculosis which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Bovine Tuberculosis a Zoonotic Disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis: A Dual Challenge of Public Health and a need of Urgent Action of Eradication of these Tuberculosis in Ethiopia-Africa
Dr.Aderajew Waka Wassie 1 Dr. Netsanet Worku2 Dr. Awoke Deribe3 Marye Aragaw Zeleke4 (PhD Cand)
1 Charite-University of Medicine Berlin / German Rheumatology Research Center, Berlin/Germany & Kess Waka Meskelo International Medical Center, Tedda-Gonder /Ethiopia
2 Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gonder- Ethiopia
3 Dept. of Medical Microbiology,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University-Ethiopia
4 University of Gonder, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Department of Agriculture and Economics, Tedda Campus-Gonder/ Ethiopia
I Brief Introduction to Human Tuberculosis which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Human tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a
contagious infectious disease primarily affecting the lungs. It spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria. When inhaled by others, these droplets can lead to infection. Tuberculosis can exist in two states: latent infection and active disease. In latent infection, the bacteria remain dormant within the body, causing no symptoms and posing no immediate health threat. However, the bacteria can become active, causing tuberculosis disease, especially if the immune system weakens. Active tuberculosis presents symptoms such as persistent cough, chest pain, fever, fatigue, weight loss, and night sweats. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics taken over several months to ensure complete eradication of the bacteria.
Prevention efforts focus on early detection, treatment of active cases, vaccination, and infection control measures to reduce transmission.
Transmission way of Human Tuberculosis which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Human tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is primarily transmitted
through the air. When an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, they release tiny droplets containing the bacteria into the air. These droplets can be inhaled by others nearby, leading to infection.Close and prolonged contact with an infected individual is usually required for transmission to occur. Factors such as the duration of exposure, the infectiousness of the person with tuberculosis, and the ventilation of the environment can influence the likelihood of transmission. It's important to note that tuberculosis is not as easily transmitted as some other infectious diseases like the common cold or flu. Nonetheless, it is still highly contagious, especially in crowded or poorly ventilated environments.Preventive measures such as vaccination, early detection, prompt treatment of active cases, and infection control practices in healthcare settings and communities are crucial for reducing the spread of tuberculosis.
Immunology of Human Tuberculosis which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
The immunology of human tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, involves a complex interplay between the bacterium and the host immune system. When M. tuberculosis enters the body, it encounters various immune cells and mechanisms that attempt to control and eliminate the infection. However, M. tuberculosis has evolved strategies to evade host immunity and establish persistent infection in some individuals. Here's an overview of key immunological aspects:
Innate Immune Response: Upon inhalation of M. tuberculosis, innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells recognize the bacteria through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and initiate an inflammatory response. Macrophages attempt to engulf and destroy the bacteria through phagocytosis.
Granuloma Formation: M. tuberculosis can survive and replicate within macrophages, leading to the formation of granulomas, which are organized structures of immune cells, including macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells, surrounding infected macrophages. Granulomas serve as a host defense mechanism to contain the infection and prevent bacterial spread.
Adaptive Immune Response: CD4+ T cells play a central role in orchestrating the adaptive immune response against M. tuberculosis. Upon activation by antigen-presenting cells, CD4+ T cells differentiate into effector T cells, including Th1 cells, which secrete cytokines such as interferon- gamma (IFN-γ) to activate macrophages and enhance their antimicrobial activity.
T Cell Exhaustion: In some individuals, particularly those with advanced or chronic tuberculosis, there may be dysregulated or exhausted T cell responses, characterized by impaired
cytokine production and T cell dysfunction. This phenomenon contributes to the inability to control bacterial replication and the progression of disease.
Granuloma Dynamics: Granulomas can exhibit heterogeneity in their structure and function, with some being more effective at containing infection than others. Granuloma plasticity and heterogeneity influence disease outcomes and treatment response.
Immune Evasion Mechanisms: M. tuberculosis has evolved various immune evasion strategies to survive within host cells and evade immune detection and clearance. These include
inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion, modulation of host cell signaling pathways, and interference with antigen presentation.
Understanding the immunology of tuberculosis is crucial for developing effective vaccines, diagnostic tools, and therapies to combat this global health threat. Ongoing research aims to elucidate the mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions and identify new targets for intervention.
The role of adaptive Immunology in Human Tuberculosis which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: The adaptive immune response plays a critical role in controlling
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans. Here's an overview of the key aspects of adaptive immunology in human tuberculosis:
CD4+ T Cell Response: CD4+ T cells are central to the adaptive immune response against M. tuberculosis. Upon encountering antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, CD4+ T cells become activated and differentiate into effector T cells, including Th1 cells. Th1 cells produce cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), which activate macrophages to enhance their antimicrobial activity against M. tuberculosis.
Granuloma Formation and Maintenance: CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of granulomas, organized structures of immune cells that contain and control M. tuberculosis infection. T cells within granulomas help regulate the local immune response, promote macrophage activation, and limit bacterial dissemination.
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs): CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), contribute to the control of M. tuberculosis infection by recognizing and killing infected host cells. CTLs recognize M. tuberculosis antigens presented on the surface of infected cells via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules.
Regulatory T Cells (Tregs): Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4+ T cells that play a role in regulating immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. In tuberculosis, Tregs can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. While they help limit excessive inflammation and tissue damage, their suppressive effects on effector T cell responses may also contribute to immune evasion by M. tuberculosis.
Humoral Immune Response: Although the cellular immune response predominates in tuberculosis, antibodies and B cells also contribute to host defense against M. tuberculosis. Antibodies may opsonize M. tuberculosis for phagocytosis by macrophages, facilitate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), or modulate inflammatory responses.
Vaccination Strategies: Vaccination against tuberculosis, such as the Bacillus Calmette- Guérin (BCG) vaccine, aims to induce a protective immune response. BCG vaccination primarily stimulates cellular immunity, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, which contribute to protection against severe forms of tuberculosis in children.
Understanding the role of adaptive immunology in tuberculosis is crucial for developing novel vaccines, immunotherapies, and diagnostic tools to improve disease control and management. Ongoing research continues to elucidate the mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions and identify new targets for intervention.
The role of innate Immunology in Human Tuberculosis which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: The innate immune response plays a crucial role in the early
detection and initiation of defense mechanisms against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans. Here's an overview of the key aspects of innate immunology in human tuberculosis:
Macrophage Response: Macrophages are among the first cells to encounter M. tuberculosis upon infection. They recognize the bacteria through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs), which recognize specific bacterial components. Upon recognition, macrophages engulf M. tuberculosis through phagocytosis and attempt to eliminate the bacteria through various mechanisms, including phagosome-lysosome fusion and the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
Dendritic Cell Activation: Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play a crucial role in initiating adaptive immune responses. Upon encountering M.
tuberculosis, DCs become activated and migrate to draining lymph nodes, where they present M. tuberculosis antigens to T cells, initiating an adaptive immune response.
Inflammatory Response: Infection with M. tuberculosis triggers an inflammatory response characterized by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These cytokines help recruit immune cells to the site of infection and activate them to control M. tuberculosis replication.
Granuloma Formation: Granulomas are organized structures of immune cells, including macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells, that form in response to M. tuberculosis infection.
Granulomas serve as a host defense mechanism to contain the infection and prevent bacterial dissemination. The formation and maintenance of granulomas involve complex interactions between innate and adaptive immune cells.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells: NK cells are innate lymphoid cells that play a role in the early defense against M. tuberculosis infection. NK cells can directly kill infected cells and produce
cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), which helps activate macrophages and enhance their antimicrobial activity.
Complement System: The complement system, a part of the innate immune system, plays a role in opsonization, phagocytosis, and inflammation. Components of the complement system may contribute to the host defense against M. tuberculosis infection by facilitating the recognition and clearance of the bacteria by phagocytes.
Understanding the role of innate immunology in tuberculosis is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies and vaccines to combat this global health threat. Ongoing research continues to elucidate the mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions and identify new targets for intervention.
The role of Autoimmunity by Human Tuberculosis which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Autoimmunity refers to a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks
the body's own tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. While autoimmunity is not typically considered a primary feature of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, there are some instances where autoimmune phenomena may be observed in individuals with tuberculosis: Immune-Mediated Tissue Damage, Molecular Mimicry, Immune Dysregulation and Concomitant Autoimmune Conditions. Individuals with tuberculosis may also have underlying autoimmune conditions or predispositions. The presence of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus alongside tuberculosis could complicate clinical management and exacerbate tissue damage through immune-mediated mechanisms.While autoimmunity is not a primary feature of tuberculosis caused by M. tuberculosis, the immune responses involved in tuberculosis can sometimes lead to autoimmune-like manifestations or exacerbate pre-existing autoimmune conditions. However, further research is needed to fully elucidate the role of autoimmunity in tuberculosis and its clinical implications.
II Brief Introduction to Bovine Tuberculosis a Zoonotic Disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium
Mycobacterium bovis, which primarily affects cattle but can also infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, as well as humans. Here's an overview of bovine tuberculosis as a zoonotic disease:
Transmission: Bovine tuberculosis is primarily transmitted between animals through the inhalation of respiratory droplets containing M. bovis, typically during close and prolonged contact with infected individuals. Cattle are the primary reservoir of M. bovis, but the bacterium can also infect other livestock species, such as goats, sheep, and pigs, as well as wildlife species like deer, badgers, and possums. Humans can become infected through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy products contaminated with M. bovis.
Clinical Presentation: In animals, bovine tuberculosis can cause a range of clinical signs, including chronic cough, weight loss, decreased milk production, and lesions in the lungs and other organs. In humans, the clinical presentation of bovine tuberculosis is similar to that of tuberculosis caused by M. tuberculosis, with symptoms such as persistent cough, fever, night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss. However, infections with M. bovis tend to be less common but more severe than those caused by M. tuberculosis.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in animals typically involves a combination of tests, including tuberculin skin tests, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assays, and post-mortem examination of tissues for characteristic lesions. In humans, diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as chest X-rays), microbiological testing of respiratory specimens, and sometimes biopsy of affected tissues.
Prevention and Control: Prevention and control of bovine tuberculosis require a multifaceted approach, including regular testing and surveillance of cattle herds, culling of infected animals, movement restrictions, biosecurity measures on farms, and vaccination programs (such as the use of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in cattle). In humans, prevention involves pasteurization of dairy products, proper handling and cooking of meat, and avoidance of contact with potentially infected animals.
Treatment: Both bovine tuberculosis and human tuberculosis caused by M. bovis are treated with antibiotics, typically a combination of drugs taken over several months. However, infections with M. bovis may be more resistant to certain antibiotics compared to those caused by M. tuberculosis, requiring longer treatment durations and closer monitoring.
Bovine tuberculosis remains a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, particularly in areas where livestock farming is prevalent. Efforts to control the disease in animals are crucial for preventing transmission to humans and reducing the burden of tuberculosis overall. Transmission way of Bovine Tuberculosis a Zoonotic Disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis: The transmission of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, occurs through various routes, primarily between animals and occasionally to humans. Here are the main transmission pathways:
Direct Contact: Direct contact between infected and susceptible animals is a common mode of transmission. This can occur through respiratory secretions (e.g., coughing, sneezing), saliva, nasal discharge, or through contaminated materials in the environment.
Inhalation: Inhalation of respiratory droplets containing M. bovis is a significant route of transmission, particularly in close quarters where infected animals are housed together. This route is relevant both within and between species.
Ingestion: Ingestion of M. bovis-contaminated feed, water, or milk can lead to infection, particularly in calves or through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products from infected cows.
Environmental Contamination: M. bovis can survive for extended periods in the environment, particularly in moist and dark conditions. Contaminated soil, water sources, or surfaces
in barns or pens can serve as reservoirs of infection and contribute to transmission.
Zoonotic Transmission: Humans can acquire bTB through direct contact with infected animals, consumption of contaminated animal products (especially unpasteurized milk), or exposure to environments contaminated with M. bovis. Prevention and control measures, such as regular testing and surveillance of cattle herds, culling of infected animals, movement restrictions, biosecurity measures, and vaccination programs, are crucial for reducing the transmission of bTB between animals and to humans. Additionally, pasteurization of dairy products and proper handling and cooking of meat are essential for preventing human transmission. Immunology of Bovine Tuberculosis a Zoonotic Disease caused by Mycobacterium
bovis: The immunology of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, involves complex interactions between the bacterium and the host immune system. Here's an overview of key immunological aspects:
Innate Immune Response: Upon entry into the host, M. bovis is recognized by innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). These cells initiate an inflammatory response and attempt to phagocytose and eliminate the bacteria.
Granuloma Formation: Granulomas, organized structures of immune cells including macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells, form at the site of infection. Granulomas serve to contain the infection and prevent bacterial dissemination. However, in some cases, they may also provide a niche for bacterial persistence.
Adaptive Immune Response: CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response against M. bovis. Upon activation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), CD4+ T cells differentiate into effector T cells, including Th1 cells, which secrete cytokines such as interferon- gamma (IFN-γ) to activate macrophages and enhance their antimicrobial activity.
T Cell Exhaustion: Chronic M. bovis infection can lead to T cell exhaustion, characterized by functional impairment and reduced cytokine production. This phenomenon may contribute to the inability to control bacterial replication and the persistence of infection.
Humoral Immunity: While cellular immunity predominates in the response to M. bovis infection, antibodies and B cells also contribute to host defense. Antibodies may opsonize bacteria for phagocytosis or facilitate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Regulatory T Cells (Tregs): Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a role in modulating the immune response to M. bovis infection. While they help regulate excessive inflammation, their suppressive effects on effector T cell responses may also contribute to immune evasion by the bacterium.
Genetic Factors: Host genetic factors influence susceptibility and resistance to bTB. Polymorphisms in genes encoding components of the immune system can affect the outcome of
infection and the development of protective immunity. Understanding the immunology of bTB is crucial for developing effective control strategies, including vaccines and immunotherapies, to combat this zoonotic disease. Ongoing research aims to elucidate the mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions and identify new targets for intervention.
The role of adaptive Immunology to Bovine Tuberculosis a Zoonotic Disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis: The adaptive immune response plays a critical role in the host defense
against bovine tuberculosis (bTB), a zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Here's an overview of the key aspects of adaptive immunology in bTB:
CD4+ T Cell Response: CD4+ T cells are central to the adaptive immune response against M. bovis. Upon encountering antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, CD4+ T cells become activated and differentiate into effector T cells, including Th1 cells. Th1 cells produce cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), which activate macrophages to enhance their antimicrobial activity against M. bovis.
Granuloma Formation and Maintenance: CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of granulomas, organized structures of immune cells that contain and control M. bovis infection. T cells within granulomas help regulate the local immune response, promote macrophage activation, and limit bacterial dissemination.
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs): CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), contribute to the control of M. bovis infection by recognizing and killing infected host cells. CTLs recognize M. bovis antigens presented on the surface of infected cells via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules.
B Cell Response: While the cellular immune response predominates in bTB, antibodies and B cells also contribute to host defense. Antibodies may opsonize M. bovis for phagocytosis by macrophages or facilitate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Memory Immune Response: Following exposure to M. bovis, the adaptive immune system generates memory T and B cells that provide long-term protection against reinfection. Memory T cells can rapidly respond to subsequent encounters with the bacterium, leading to more efficient clearance of infection.
Vaccination Strategies: Vaccination of cattle against bTB aims to induce a protective immune response. Several vaccine candidates, including live attenuated vaccines and subunit vaccines, have been developed and tested. Vaccination strategies often target the induction of cell-mediated immunity, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, which are crucial for protection against M. bovis infection.
Understanding the role of adaptive immunology in bTB is essential for developing effective vaccines and immunotherapies to control this zoonotic disease in both animals and humans. Ongoing research aims to elucidate the mechanisms underlying protective immunity and identify new strategies for bTB control.
The role of innate Immunology to Bovine Tuberculosis a Zoonotic Disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis: The innate immune response plays a critical role in the early detection and
initiation of defense mechanisms against Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). Here's an overview of the key aspects of innate immunology in bTB:
Macrophage Response: Macrophages are among the first cells to encounter M. bovis upon infection. They recognize the bacteria through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs), initiating an inflammatory response and attempting to phagocytose and eliminate the bacteria.
Dendritic Cell Activation: Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play a crucial role in initiating adaptive immune responses. Upon encountering M. bovis, DCs become activated and migrate to draining lymph nodes, where they present M. bovis antigens to T cells, initiating an adaptive immune response.
Inflammatory Response: Infection with M. bovis triggers an inflammatory response characterized by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as tumor
necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1). These cytokines help recruit immune cells to the site of infection and activate them to control M. bovis replication.
Granuloma Formation: Granulomas, organized structures of immune cells including macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells, form at the site of M. bovis infection. Granulomas serve to contain the infection and prevent bacterial dissemination. However, in some cases, they may also provide a niche for bacterial persistence.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells: NK cells are innate lymphoid cells that play a role in the early defense against M. bovis infection. NK cells can directly kill infected cells and produce cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), which helps activate macrophages and enhance their antimicrobial activity.
Complement System: The complement system, a part of the innate immune system, plays a role in opsonization, phagocytosis, and inflammation. Components of the complement system may contribute to the host defense against M. bovis infection by facilitating the recognition and clearance of the bacteria by phagocytes. Understanding the role of innate immunology in bTB is crucial for developing effective control strategies, including vaccines and immunotherapies, to combat this zoonotic disease. Ongoing research aims to elucidate the mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions and identify new targets for intervention.
The role of Autoimmunity by Bovine Tuberculosis a Zoonotic Disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis: Autoimmunity, the process by which the immune system attacks the body's
own tissues, is not typically considered a primary feature of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis. However, there are instances where autoimmune phenomena may be observed in the context of bTB. While autoimmunity is not a primary feature of bTB caused by M. bovis, the immune responses involved in bTB can sometimes lead to autoimmune-like manifestations or exacerbate pre-existing autoimmune conditions. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the role of autoimmunity in bTB and its clinical implications.
III Summary of Human and Bovine Tuberculosis as a Dual Challenge of Public Health and a need of Urgent Action to Eradicate it in Ethiopia-Africa: Indeed, both human
tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and bovine tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium bovis) present significant public health challenges in Ethiopia and across Africa. Here's why they are of dual concern and why urgent action is needed for their eradication:
Human Health Impact: Tuberculosis is a leading cause of illness and death globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Ethiopia. It not only affects individuals'
health but also imposes a considerable economic burden due to healthcare costs, loss of productivity, and social impacts.
Zoonotic Potential: Bovine tuberculosis is zoonotic, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. In regions where cattle farming is prevalent and milk consumption is
common, such as Ethiopia, zoonotic transmission poses a significant risk to public health. People can acquire M. bovis infections through direct contact with infected animals or
consumption of contaminated animal products, leading to human cases of tuberculosis.
Challenges in Diagnosis and Treatment: Both human and bovine tuberculosis present challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Diagnosis can be complex, requiring specialized
laboratory facilities and trained personnel. Moreover, treatment often involves prolonged courses of antibiotics, which may contribute to issues such as antibiotic resistance.
Limited Resources and Infrastructure: Many countries in Africa, including Ethiopia, face challenges related to limited healthcare resources and infrastructure. This can impede efforts
to effectively diagnose, treat, and prevent tuberculosis in both humans and animals.
Interconnectedness of Human and Animal Health: The health of humans, animals, and the environment are interconnected. Addressing zoonotic diseases like bovine tuberculosis
requires a One Health approach, which recognizes the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health and promotes collaborative efforts across sectors.
Need for Comprehensive Strategies: Eradicating tuberculosis, both in humans and animals, requires comprehensive strategies that encompass prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and control measures. This includes efforts such as improved surveillance, vaccination programs, promotion of good hygiene practices, and public awareness campaigns.
Given the dual challenge posed by human and bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia and Africa as a whole, urgent action is needed to strengthen healthcare systems, enhance surveillance and control measures, and promote interdisciplinary collaboration to address these complex public health issues. Investing in tuberculosis control efforts not only saves lives but also contributes to overall economic development and social well-being. A Dual Challenge of Public Health and a need of Urgent Action of Eradication of human and bovine Tuberculosis in Ethiopia-Africa: Addressing tuberculosis (TB) in Ethiopia, like in many parts of Africa, indeed presents a dual challenge of public health and socioeconomic development. TB is a significant health burden, particularly in Ethiopia, where it ranks among the top countries with high TB incidence rates. Additionally, the coexistence of human and bovine tuberculosis exacerbates the complexity of the issue.To combat this dual challenge effectively, urgent action is required on multiple fronts:
Public Health Infrastructure Strengthening: Investing in healthcare infrastructure is crucial. This includes improving diagnostic facilities, ensuring access to quality healthcare services in rural areas, and training healthcare workers to diagnose and treat both human and bovine TB effectively.
Awareness and Education: Public awareness campaigns are essential to dispel myths, reduce stigma, and encourage early detection and treatment-seeking behavior. This education should extend to livestock owners and herders, emphasizing the importance of proper animal husbandry practices to prevent the spread of bovine TB.
Integrated Approach: An integrated approach that addresses both human and animal health is necessary. This involves collaboration between public health authorities, veterinary
services, and other relevant stakeholders to implement coordinated control measures.
Vaccination Programs: Implementing vaccination programs for both humans and animals can significantly reduce the incidence of TB. For humans, the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)
vaccine is commonly used, while for animals, vaccines such as the BCG vaccine or newer formulations can be deployed.
Research and Innovation: Investing in research to develop more effective diagnostic tools, treatments, and vaccines is crucial. This includes research into drug-resistant TB strains and
innovative approaches to disease control in both human and animal populations.
Socioeconomic Support: Addressing the underlying socioeconomic factors that contribute to TB transmission is essential. This may involve poverty alleviation measures, improving living conditions, and ensuring access to nutrition and healthcare services for vulnerable populations.
International Collaboration: TB knows no borders, and international collaboration is key to addressing the global TB epidemic. Ethiopia can benefit from partnerships with international organizations, donor agencies, and neighboring countries to share best practices, resources, and expertise.
Policy and Governance: Strengthening governance structures and enacting policies that prioritize TB control and prevention are fundamental. This includes allocating adequate
resources, establishing monitoring and evaluation systems, and ensuring accountability at all levels of government.
By addressing both the public health and socioeconomic dimensions of the TB challenge in Ethiopia, significant progress can be made towards the eradication of this disease and the improvement of overall health and well-being in the country. Global One Health Approach on human and bovine Tuberkulose
IV Global One Health Approach on human and bovine Tuberkulose: The Global One Health approach is an interdisciplinary strategy that recognizes the interconnectedness of human,
animal, and environmental health. When it comes to diseases like tuberculosis (TB), which can affect both humans and animals such as cattle (bovine TB), this approach becomes particularly crucial.Here's how the Global One Health approach can be applied to human and bovine tuberculosis:
Surveillance and Monitoring: Implementing coordinated surveillance systems for TB in both human and animal populations is essential. This involves regular monitoring of TB cases in
humans as well as in cattle herds.
Disease Control Measures: Coordinated efforts to control TB in both humans and cattle are necessary. This might involve vaccination programs for both humans and cattle, along with measures to prevent the spread of TB within and between populations.
Research and Collaboration: Encouraging collaboration between human and veterinary health professionals, as well as researchers, can lead to a better understanding of the
epidemiology and transmission dynamics of TB. This collaboration can also facilitate the development of improved diagnostics, treatments, and prevention strategies.
Public Awareness and Education: Raising awareness about TB, its transmission, and prevention measures among both human and animal populations is important. This can help
reduce the risk of transmission between species and promote behaviors that mitigate the spread of TB.
Environmental Considerations: Considering environmental factors that contribute to the transmission of TB, such as shared grazing areas or water sources between humans and cattle, is crucial. Implementing measures to mitigate these environmental risks can help prevent the spread of TB.
Policy and Advocacy: Advocating for policies that support a One Health approach to TB control is essential at both the national and international levels. This includes policies that
facilitate collaboration between different sectors, allocate resources for One Health initiatives, and prioritize research into TB prevention and control. By applying the principles of the Global One Health approach to human and bovine tuberculosis, it's possible to develop more effective strategies for TB control and prevention that address the complex
interactions between humans, animals, and the environment.
Biography
Immunologist, Certified Drug Safety Officer for Pharmacovigilance, Clinical Trials Specialist, Monitoring and Medical Writing as well as ICH/GCP. Former Scientific worker and Medical Advisor at Seramun Diagnostica Biotechnology Company in the Department of Research and Development as a Research & Development Scientist as well as Medical Advisor in the field of Immunoassay, Immunodiagnostic, Autoantibody and Autoimmune Diseases. Completed PhD from Charite’-University of Medicine Berlin, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Internal Medicine Dept. of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; German Rheumatology Research Center Berlin; Institute for Immunology, Center for Infection Medicine of Freie University Berlin. Ambassador of Brain City Berlin for Science and Technology. Delegate of Gonder University for international networking with German universities and academic institutions. Ambassador of Tedda Health Science College in Tedda-Gonder Ethiopia. Diaspora Expert for Developing Countries in relation to Health, Education, Research, Capacity Building and Consultation. Co-advisor and lecturer for Master and PhD students & lecturer of undergraduate students in different Ethiopian Universities at Medical Colleges and Faculties. Board Member of Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology EiTEX & Biorefinery Research Center (BRRC of EiTEX) in Bahir Dar University-Ethiopia, Board Member & Founder and General Secretary of Internationale Verein für Gesundheitsförderung in Äthiopien (IVGFÄ) at Germany. Vice-President of Bridge Ethiopia Network for Science and Technology (BE-NeST) in Germany. Auditor of German Society for Lupus Research Society/ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Lupus Forschung (DGLF) e,V.in Berlin-Germany. Currently, actively focusing on Global Public Health, Global One Health, International Health Protection against Infection Diseases and Capacity Building in developing Countries
Abstract
Oncological imaging has experienced significant and rapid advancements from the 20th century into the 21st century. Over the past few decades, a combination of imaging modalities, including CT and PET, has emerged as pivotal tools in oncology. Currently, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT stands out as a cornerstone for evaluating cancer patients. CT primarily serves for anatomical assessment, utilizing X-ray beams, with tissue density evaluation being one of its key functions, quantified in Hounsfield Units (HU).PET, as a diagnostic method in oncology, involves the administration of radioactive material, commonly FDG, which accumulates in metabolically active tissues. This accumulation of FDG aids in distinguishing between cancerous and normal cells, given the typically higher metabolic activity of cancer cells. The degree of this accumulation is measured in Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) units. PET-CT has become a widely used and effective tool for the evaluation, post-therapy monitoring, and follow-up of oncology patients. The resulting images amalgamate CT scans, providing density information (HU), and PET scans, revealing metabolic activity levels (SUVmax) in specific regions of interest (ROI). Our objective is to introduce a fully automated system tailored for radiologists, facilitating instantaneous analysis of size, HU levels, and SUVmax changes, thereby potentially enhancing diagnostic speed and accuracy.
Biography
Dror Malka received his BSc and MSc degrees in electrical engineering from the Holon Institute of and received his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Bar-Ilan University (BIU) in 2015 Technology (HIT) in 2008 and 2010, respectively, Israel. He has also completed a BSc degree in Applied Mathematics at HIT in 2008, Israel. Currently, he is a Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Engineering at HiT. His major fields of research are nanophotonics, super-resolution, AI silicon photonics and fiber optics. He has published around 60 refereed journal papers, and 60 conference proceedings papers.
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